Optical-field information manipulation based on nonlocal metasurfaces: From passive to active systems
Download PDF Share Subscribe
logo
All Journals Login

Light Manipulation and Applications
  1. Home
  2. Articles
  3. Article

Optical-field information manipulation based on nonlocal metasurfaces: From passive to active systems

Shiwang Yu
1,#
,
Jiaheng Ma
1,#
,
Zhancheng Li
1,*
,
Wenwei Liu
1
,
Hui Liu
1
,
Hua Cheng
1,*
,
Shuqi Chen
1,2,3,*
*Correspondence to: Zhancheng Li, The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China. E-mail: zcli@nankai.edu.cn
Hua Cheng, The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China. E-mail: hcheng@nankai.edu.cn
Shuqi Chen, The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; The Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China. E-mail: schen@nankai.edu.cn
Light Manip Appl. 2026;1:202612. 10.70401/lma.2026.0015
Received: March 29, 2026Accepted: June 16, 2026Published: June 16, 2026
Tips Icon
This manuscript is made available in its unedited form to allow early access to the reported findings. Further editing will be completed before final publication. As such, the content may include errors, and standard legal disclaimers are applicable.

Abstract

Metasurfaces, as a key platform for flat optics, enable advanced manipulation of light by harnessing rich local and nonlocal resonant modes at subwavelength-structured interfaces. Distinct from conventional local metasurfaces that primarily modulate optical wavefronts over broad spectral ranges, nonlocal metasurfaces based on collective resonances provide enhanced spectral and momentum selectivity together with strengthened light–matter interaction. This review surveys recent advances in optical-field information manipulation enabled by nonlocal metasurfaces, where “information manipulation” denotes the high-dimensional control of amplitude, phase, and polarization across spectral, temporal, spatial, and momentum domains, with a particular focus on integrating local and nonlocal resonances to enhance device performance and functionality. We first introduce the fundamental characteristics of nonlocal resonances and summarize representative progress in real- and momentum-space light control within passive nonlocal metasurfaces. We also discuss recent advances in active nonlocal metasurfaces, including applications in nonlinear harmonic generation, quantum-state control, and spatial information lasers. Finally, we highlight emerging trends in on-chip and tunable nonlocal metasurfaces, and outline key challenges and future research directions for this rapidly evolving field.

Keywords

Nonlocal metasurfaces, bound states in the continuum, guided mode resonances, light–matter interaction, optical field manipulation

References

  • 1. Yu N, Genevet P, Kats MA, Aieta F, Tetienne JP, Capasso F, et al. Light propagation with phase discontinuities: Generalized laws of reflection and refraction. Science. 2011;334(6054):333-337.
    [DOI]
  • 2. Sun S, He Q, Xiao S, Xu Q, Li X, Zhou L. Gradient-index meta-surfaces as a bridge linking propagating waves and surface waves. Nature Mater. 2012;11(5):426-431.
    [DOI]
  • 3. Chen WT, Capasso F. Will flat optics appear in everyday life anytime soon? Appl Phys Lett. 2021;118(10):100503.
    [DOI]
  • 4. Schulz SA, Oulton RF, Kenney M, Alù A, Staude I, Bashiri A, et al. Roadmap on photonic metasurfaces. Appl Phys Lett. 2024;124(26):260701.
    [DOI]
  • 5. Kuznetsov AI, Brongersma ML, Yao J, Chen MK, Levy U, Tsai DP, et al. Roadmap for optical metasurfaces. ACS Photonics. 2024;11(3):816-865.
    [DOI]
  • 6. Gao Y, Ma Y. Fundamentals to emerging concepts and applications of metasurfaces for flat optics: A tutorial. Adv Opt Photon. 2025;17(4):789-1058.
    [DOI]
  • 7. Yang Y, Lee E, Park Y, Seong J, Kim H, Kang H, et al. The road to commercializing optical metasurfaces: Current challenges and future directions. ACS Nano. 2025;19(3):3008-3018.
    [DOI]
  • 8. Neshev DN, Miroshnichenko AE. Enabling smart vision with metasurfaces. Nat Photon. 2023;17(1):26-35.
    [DOI]
  • 9. Chai R, Liu Q, Liu W, Li Z, Cheng H, Tian J, et al. Emerging planar nanostructures involving both local and nonlocal modes. ACS Photonics. 2023;10(7):2031-2044.
    [DOI]
  • 10. Chen S, Li Z, Zhang Y, Cheng H, Tian J. Phase manipulation of electromagnetic waves with metasurfaces and its applications in nanophotonics. Adv Opt Mater. 2018;6(13):1800104.
    [DOI]
  • 11. Arbabi E, Kamali SM, Arbabi A, Faraon A. Full-stokes imaging polarimetry using dielectric metasurfaces. ACS Photonics. 2018;5(8):3132-3140.
    [DOI]
  • 12. Rubin NA, D’Aversa G, Chevalier P, Shi Z, Chen WT, Capasso F. Matrix Fourier optics enables a compact full-Stokes polarization camera. Science. 2019;365(6448):eaax1839.
    [DOI]
  • 13. Wang S, Wu PC, Su VC, Lai YC, Chu CH, Chen JW, et al. Broadband achromatic optical metasurface devices. Nat Commun. 2017;8:187.
    [DOI]
  • 14. Chen WT, Zhu AY, Sanjeev V, Khorasaninejad M, Shi Z, Lee E, et al. A broadband achromatic metalens for focusing and imaging in the visible. Nat Nanotechnol. 2018;13(3):220-226.
    [DOI]
  • 15. Wang S, Wu PC, Su VC, Lai YC, Chen MK, Kuo HY, et al. A broadband achromatic metalens in the visible. Nat Nanotechnol. 2018;13(3):227-232.
    [DOI]
  • 16. Ou K, Yu F, Li G, Wang W, Miroshnichenko AE, Huang L, et al. Mid-infrared polarization-controlled broadband achromatic metadevice. Sci Adv. 2020;6(37):eabc0711.
    [DOI]
  • 17. Liu W, Ma D, Li Z, Cheng H, Choi DY, Tian J, et al. Aberration-corrected three-dimensional positioning with a single-shot metalens array. Optica. 2020;7(12):1706-1713.
    [DOI]
  • 18. Ren H, Fang X, Jang J, Bürger J, Rho J, Maier SA. Complex-amplitude metasurface-based orbital angular momentum holography in momentum space. Nat Nanotechnol. 2020;15(11):948-955.
    [DOI]
  • 19. Deng ZL, Deng J, Zhuang X, Wang S, Li K, Wang Y, et al. Diatomic metasurface for vectorial holography. Nano Lett. 2018;18(5):2885-2892.
    [DOI]
  • 20. Georgi P, Wei Q, Sain B, Schlickriede C, Wang Y, Huang L, et al. Optical secret sharing with cascaded metasurface holography. Sci Adv. 2021;7(16):eabf9718.
    [DOI]
  • 21. Shastri K, Monticone F. Nonlocal flat optics. Nat Photon. 2023;17(1):36-47.
    [DOI]
  • 22. Overvig A, Alù A. Diffractive nonlocal metasurfaces. Laser Photonics Rev. 2022;16(8):2100633.
    [DOI]
  • 23. Chen Y, Fleury R, Seppecher P, Hu G, Wegener M. Nonlocal metamaterials and metasurfaces. Nat Rev Phys. 2025;7(6):299-312.
    [DOI]
  • 24. Monticone F, Mortensen NA, Fernández-Domínguez AI, Luo Y, Zheng X, Tserkezis C, et al. Nonlocality in photonic materials and metamaterials: Roadmap. Opt Mater Express. 2025;15(7):1544-1709.
    [DOI]
  • 25. Zhou Y, Zheng H, Kravchenko II, Valentine J. Flat optics for image differentiation. Nat Photonics. 2020;14(5):316-323.
    [DOI]
  • 26. Kwon H, Sounas D, Cordaro A, Polman A, Alù A. Nonlocal metasurfaces for optical signal processing. Phys Rev Lett. 2018;121(17):173004.
    [DOI]
  • 27. Zhu T, Guo C, Huang J, Wang H, Orenstein M, Ruan Z, et al. Topological optical differentiator. Nat Commun. 2021;12:680.
    [DOI]
  • 28. Cotrufo M, Singh S, Arora A, Majewski A, Alù A. Polarization imaging and edge detection with image-processing metasurfaces. Optica. 2023;10(10):1331-1338.
    [DOI]
  • 29. Liu Y, Liu W, Liu Q, Xu Y, Yu B, Li Z, et al. Dual-polarized transmissive metasurfaces for near-unitary-NA analog spatial computing empowered by impedance matching and mismatching. Opt Lett. 2024;49(17):4926-4929.
    [DOI]
  • 30. Liu T, Qiu J, Xu L, Qin M, Wan L, Yu T, et al. Edge detection imaging by quasi-bound states in the continuum. Nano Lett. 2024;24(45):14466-14474.
    [DOI]
  • 31. Cordaro A, Edwards B, Nikkhah V, Alù A, Engheta N, Polman A. Solving integral equations in free space with inverse-designed ultrathin optical metagratings. Nat Nanotechnol. 2023;18(4):365-372.
    [DOI]
  • 32. Miller DAB. Why optics needs thickness. Science. 2023;379(6627):41-45.
    [DOI]
  • 33. Reshef O, DelMastro MP, Bearne KKM, Alhulaymi AH, Giner L, Boyd RW, et al. An optic to replace space and its application towards ultra-thin imaging systems. Nat Commun. 2021;12:3512.
    [DOI]
  • 34. Yu J, Yao W, Qiu M, Li Q. Free-space high-Q nanophotonics. Light Sci Appl. 2025;14:174.
    [DOI]
  • 35. Sun X, Sun J, Wang Z, Wang L, Qiu F, Wen L. Manipulating dual bound states in the continuum for efficient spatial light modulator. Nano Lett. 2022;22(24):9982-9989.
    [DOI]
  • 36. Benea-Chelmus IC, Mason S, Meretska ML, Elder DL, Kazakov D, Shams-Ansari A, et al. Gigahertz free-space electro-optic modulators based on Mie resonances. Nat Commun. 2022;13:3170.
    [DOI]
  • 37. Zhang Y, Liu W, Li Z, Li Z, Cheng H, Chen S, et al. High-quality-factor multiple Fano resonances for refractive index sensing. Opt Lett. 2018;43(8):1842-1845.
    [DOI]
  • 38. Jahani Y, Arvelo ER, Yesilkoy F, Koshelev K, Cianciaruso C, De Palma M, et al. Imaging-based spectrometer-less optofluidic biosensors based on dielectric metasurfaces for detecting extracellular vesicles. Nat Commun. 2021;12:3246.
    [DOI]
  • 39. Liu Z, Xu Y, Lin Y, Xiang J, Feng T, Cao Q, et al. High-Q quasibound states in the continuum for nonlinear metasurfaces. Phys Rev Lett. 2019;123(25):253901.
    [DOI]
  • 40. Koshelev K, Kruk S, Melik-Gaykazyan E, Choi JH, Bogdanov A, Park HG, et al. Subwavelength dielectric resonators for nonlinear nanophotonics. Science. 2020;367(6475):288-292.
    [DOI]
  • 41. Yin X, Li P, Zhang Z, Inoue T, Peng C, Noda S. Light confinement in photonic crystal slabs: From wave optics to topology. Photonics Insights. 2025;4(4):R13.
    [DOI]
  • 42. Quaranta G, Basset G, Martin OJF, Gallinet B. Recent advances in resonant waveguide gratings. Laser Photonics Rev. 2018;12(9):1800017.
    [DOI]
  • 43. Wang SS, Magnusson R. Theory and applications of guided-mode resonance filters. Appl Opt. 1993;32(14):2606-2613.
    [DOI]
  • 44. Belov PA, Marqués R, Maslovski SI, Nefedov IS, Silveirinha M, Simovski CR, et al. Strong spatial dispersion in wire media in the very large wavelength limit. Phys Rev B. 2003;67(11):113103.
    [DOI]
  • 45. García de Abajo FJ. Colloquium: Light scattering by particle and hole arrays. Rev Mod Phys. 2007;79(4):1267-1290.
    [DOI]
  • 46. Lemoult F, Lerosey G, de Rosny J, Fink M. Resonant metalenses for breaking the diffraction barrier. Phys Rev Lett. 2010;104(20):203901.
    [DOI]
  • 47. Papasimakis N, Fu YH, Fedotov VA, Prosvirnin SL, Tsai DP, Zheludev NI. Metamaterial with polarization and direction insensitive resonant transmission response mimicking electromagnetically induced transparency. Appl Phys Lett. 2009;94(21):211902.
    [DOI]
  • 48. Jenkins SD, Ruostekoski J. Metamaterial transparency induced by cooperative electromagnetic interactions. Phys Rev Lett. 2013;111(14):147401.
    [DOI]
  • 49. Jenkins SD, Ruostekoski J, Papasimakis N, Savo S, Zheludev NI. Many-body subradiant excitations in metamaterial arrays: Experiment and theory. Phys Rev Lett. 2017;119(5):053901.
    [DOI]
  • 50. Hsu CW, Zhen B, Stone AD, Joannopoulos JD, Soljačić M. Bound states in the continuum. Nat Rev Mater. 2016;1(9):16048.
    [DOI]
  • 51. Koshelev K, Lepeshov S, Liu M, Bogdanov A, Kivshar Y. Asymmetric metasurfaces with high-Q resonances governed by bound states in the continuum. Phys Rev Lett. 2018;121(19):193903.
    [DOI]
  • 52. Rybin MV, Filonov DS, Samusev KB, Belov PA, Kivshar YS, Limonov MF. Phase diagram for the transition from photonic crystals to dielectric metamaterials. Nat Commun. 2015;6:10102.
    [DOI]
  • 53. Zeng Y, Zhang X, Ouyang X, Li Y, Qiu CW, Song Q, et al. Manipulating light with bound states in the continuum: From passive to active systems. Adv Opt Mater. 2024;12(25):2400296.
    [DOI]
  • 54. Kolkowski R, Hakala TK, Shevchenko A, Huttunen MJ. Nonlinear nonlocal metasurfaces. Appl Phys Lett. 2023;122(16):160502.
    [DOI]
  • 55. Huang L, Xu L, Powell DA, Padilla WJ, Miroshnichenko AE. Resonant leaky modes in all-dielectric metasystems: Fundamentals and applications. Phys Rep. 2023;1008:1-66.
    [DOI]
  • 56. Choi YS, Park CY, An SC, Pyo JH, Yoon JW. Topological guided-mode resonances: Basic theory, experiments, and applications. Nanophotonics. 2025;14(8):1069-1082.
    [DOI]
  • 57. Chen S, Li Z, Liu W, Cheng H, Tian J. From single-dimensional to multidimensional manipulation of optical waves with metasurfaces. Adv Mater. 2019;31(16):1802458.
    [DOI]
  • 58. Chen S, Liu W, Li Z, Cheng H, Tian J. Metasurface-empowered optical multiplexing and multifunction. Adv Mater. 2020;32(3):1805912.
    [DOI]
  • 59. Liu W, Li Z, Ansari MA, Cheng H, Tian J, Chen X, et al. Design strategies and applications of dimensional optical field manipulation based on metasurfaces. Adv Mater. 2023;35(30):2208884.
    [DOI]
  • 60. Malek SC, Overvig AC, Alù A, Yu N. Multifunctional resonant wavefront-shaping meta-optics based on multilayer and multi-perturbation nonlocal metasurfaces. Light Sci Appl. 2022;11:246.
    [DOI]
  • 61. Yu S, Li Z, Liu W, Cheng H, Zhang Y, Xie B, et al. Tunable dual-band and high-quality-factor perfect absorption based on VO2-assisted metasurfaces. Opt Express. 2021;29(20):31488-31498.
    [DOI]
  • 62. Chai R, Liu W, Li Z, Cheng H, Tian J, Chen S. Multiband quasibound states in the continuum engineered by space-group-invariant metasurfaces. Phys Rev B. 2021;104(7):075149.
    [DOI]
  • 63. Yang B, Cheng H, Chen S, Tian J. Structural colors in metasurfaces: Principle, design and applications. Mater Chem Front. 2019;3(5):750-761.
    [DOI]
  • 64. Yang B, Liu W, Li Z, Cheng H, Choi DY, Chen S, et al. Ultrahighly saturated structural colors enhanced by multipolar-modulated metasurfaces. Nano Lett. 2019;19(7):4221-4228.
    [DOI]
  • 65. Dong Z, Jin L, Rezaei SD, Wang H, Chen Y, Tjiptoharsono F, et al. Schrödinger’s red pixel by quasi-bound-states-in-the-continuum. Sci Adv. 2022;8(8):eabm4512.
    [DOI]
  • 66. Overvig AC, Malek SC, Carter MJ, Shrestha S, Yu N. Selection rules for quasibound states in the continuum. Phys Rev B. 2020;102(3):035434.
    [DOI]
  • 67. Li Z, Geng G, Cheng J, Liu W, Yu S, Xie B, et al. Flexible confinement and manipulation of Mie resonances via nano rectangular hollow metasurfaces. Adv Opt Mater. 2022;10(13):2200185.
    [DOI]
  • 68. Cheng J, Li Z, Choi DY, Liu W, Zhang Y, Yu S, et al. Counterintuitive reversal of circular dichroism via controllable plasmonic guided mode resonance in diatomic metasurfaces. Laser Photonics Rev. 2025;19(8):2401184.
    [DOI]
  • 69. Zhang X, Li Q, Liu F, Qiu M, Sun S, He Q, et al. Controlling angular dispersions in optical metasurfaces. Light Sci Appl. 2020;9:76.
    [DOI]
  • 70. Liu W, Li Z, Cheng H, Tang C, Li J, Zhang S, et al. Metasurface enabled wide-angle Fourier lens. Adv Mater. 2018;30(23):1706368.
    [DOI]
  • 71. Song JH, van de Groep J, Kim SJ, Brongersma ML. Non-local metasurfaces for spectrally decoupled wavefront manipulation and eye tracking. Nat Nanotechnol. 2021;16(11):1224-1230.
    [DOI]
  • 72. Zhuang ZP, Zhou X, Zeng HL, Li MY, Chen ZM, He XT, et al. Overcoming intrinsic dispersion locking for achieving spatio-spectral selectivity with misaligned bilayer metagratings. eLight. 2025;5:13.
    [DOI]
  • 73. Lawrence M, Barton DR, Dixon J, Song JH, van de Groep J, Brongersma ML, et al. High quality factor phase gradient metasurfaces. Nat Nanotechnol. 2020;15(11):956-961.
    [DOI]
  • 74. Klopfer E, Lawrence M, Barton DR, Dixon J, Dionne JA. Dynamic focusing with high-quality-factor metalenses. Nano Lett. 2020;20(7):5127-5132.
    [DOI]
  • 75. Overvig AC, Malek SC, Yu N. Multifunctional nonlocal metasurfaces. Phys Rev Lett. 2020;125:017402.
    [DOI]
  • 76. Overvig A, Yu N, Alù A. Chiral quasi-bound states in the continuum. Phys Rev Lett. 2021;126(7):073001.
    [DOI]
  • 77. Liu W, Kivshar YS. Generalized Kerker effects in nanophotonics and meta-optics. Opt Express. 2018;26(10):13085.
    [DOI]
  • 78. Hassanfiroozi A, Cheng YC, Huang SH, Lin YT, Huang PS, Shi Y, et al. Toroidal-assisted generalized Huygens’ sources for highly transmissive plasmonic metasurfaces. Laser Photonics Rev. 2022;16(6):2100525.
    [DOI]
  • 79. Pfeiffer C, Grbic A. Metamaterial Huygens’ surfaces: Tailoring wave fronts with reflectionless sheets. Phys Rev Lett. 2013;110(19):197401.
    [DOI]
  • 80. Monticone F, Estakhri NM, Alù A. Full control of nanoscale optical transmission with a composite metascreen. Phys Rev Lett. 2013;110(20):203903.
    [DOI]
  • 81. Decker M, Staude I, Falkner M, Dominguez J, Neshev DN, Brener I, et al. High-efficiency dielectric Huygens’ surfaces. Adv Opt Mater. 2015;3(6):813-820.
    [DOI]
  • 82. Yao J, Lai F, Fan Y, Wang Y, Huang SH, Leng B, et al. Nonlocal meta-lens with Huygens’ bound states in the continuum. Nat Commun. 2024;15:6543.
    [DOI]
  • 83. Ra’di Y, Sounas DL, Alù A. Metagratings: Beyond the limits of graded metasurfaces for wave front control. Phys Rev Lett. 2017;119(6):067404.
    [DOI]
  • 84. Díaz-Rubio A, Asadchy VS, Elsakka A, Tretyakov SA. From the generalized reflection law to the realization of perfect anomalous reflectors. Sci Adv. 2017;3(8):e1602714.
    [DOI]
  • 85. Wong AMH, Eleftheriades GV. Perfect anomalous reflection with a bipartite Huygens’ metasurface. Phys Rev X. 2018;8:011036.
    [DOI]
  • 86. He T, Liu T, Xiao S, Wei Z, Wang Z, Zhou L, et al. Perfect anomalous reflectors at optical frequencies. Sci Adv. 2022;8(9):eabk3381.
    [DOI]
  • 87. Zhen B, Hsu CW, Lu L, Stone AD, Soljačić M. Topological nature of optical bound states in the continuum. Phys Rev Lett. 2014;113(25):257401.
    [DOI]
  • 88. Wang B, Liu W, Zhao M, Wang J, Zhang Y, Chen A, et al. Generating optical vortex beams by momentum-space polarization vortices centred at bound states in the continuum. Nat Photonics. 2020;14(10):623-628.
    [DOI]
  • 89. Bomzon Z, Biener G, Kleiner V, Hasman E. Space-variant Pancharatnam–Berry phase optical elements with computer-generated subwavelength gratings. Opt Lett. 2002;27(13):1141-1143.
    [DOI]
  • 90. Liu W, Shi L, Zi J, Chan CT. Ways to achieve efficient non-local vortex beam generation. Nanophotonics. 2021;10(17):4297-4304.
    [DOI]
  • 91. Li T, Wang J, Zhang W, Wang X, Liu W, Shi L, et al. High-efficiency nonlocal reflection-type vortex beam generation based on bound states in the continuum. Natl Sci Rev. 2023;10(5):nwac234.
    [DOI]
  • 92. Xu H, Chen J, Wang B, Li H, Song C, Tan Q, et al. Non-local metasurface generates highly efficient transmission vortex by intrinsic singularity and generalized kerker effect. PhotoniX. 2025;6:8.
    [DOI]
  • 93. Rao L, Wang J, Wang X, Wu S, Zhao X, Liu W, et al. Meron spin textures in momentum space spawning from bound states in the continuum. Phys Rev Lett. 2025;135(2):026203.
    [DOI]
  • 94. Wang J, Zhao M, Liu W, Guan F, Liu X, Shi L, et al. Shifting beams at normal incidence via controlling momentum-space geometric phases. Nat Commun. 2021;12:6046.
    [DOI]
  • 95. Wang J, Shi L, Zi J. Spin Hall effect of light via momentum-space topological vortices around bound states in the continuum. Phys Rev Lett. 2022;129(23):236101.
    [DOI]
  • 96. Liu W, Chen J, Li T, Zhang Z, Guan F, Shi L, et al. Imaging with an ultrathin reciprocal lens. Phys Rev X. 2023;13(3):031039.
    [DOI]
  • 97. Huang J, Zhang H, Wu B, Zhu T, Ruan Z. Topologically protected generation of spatiotemporal optical vortices with nonlocal spatial mirror symmetry breaking metasurface. Phys Rev B. 2023;108(10):104106.
    [DOI]
  • 98. Liu W, Wang J, Tang Y, Wang X, Zhao X, Shi L, et al. Exploiting topological darkness in photonic crystal slabs for spatiotemporal vortex generation. Nano Lett. 2024;24(3):943-949.
    [DOI]
  • 99. Che Z, Liu W, Ye J, Shi L, Chan CT, Zi J. Generation of spatiotemporal vortex pulses by resonant diffractive grating. Phys Rev Lett. 2024;132(4):044001.
    [DOI]
  • 100. Ni X, Liu Y, Lou B, Zhang M, Hu EL, Fan S, et al. Three-dimensional reconfigurable optical singularities in bilayer photonic crystals. Phys Rev Lett. 2024;132(7):073804.
    [DOI]
  • 101. Huo P, Chen W, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Liu M, Lin P, et al. Observation of spatiotemporal optical vortices enabled by symmetry-breaking slanted nanograting. Nat Commun. 2024;15:3055.
    [DOI]
  • 102. Qin H, Su Z, Zhang Z, Lv W, Yang Z, Chen W, et al. Disorder-assisted real–momentum topological photonic crystal. Nature. 2025;639(8055):602-608.
    [DOI]
  • 103. Lv W, Qin H, Shi X, Shi F, Mu X, Zhou Z, et al. Local-nonlocal assisted multifunctional photonic crystals. Light Sci Appl. 2026;15:243.
    [DOI]
  • 104. Kravets VG, Kabashin AV, Barnes WL, Grigorenko AN. Plasmonic surface lattice resonances: A review of properties and applications. Chem Rev. 2018;118(12):5912-5951.
    [DOI]
  • 105. Zang Y, Chai R, Liu W, Li Z, Cheng H, Tian J, et al. Enhanced wide-angle third-harmonic generation in flat-band-engineered quasi-BIC metagratings. Sci China Phys Mech Astron. 2024;67(4):244212.
    [DOI]
  • 106. Liu T, Qin M, Qiu J, Tu X, Qiu H, Wu F, et al. Polarization-independent enhancement of third-harmonic generation empowered by doubly degenerate quasi-bound states in the continuum. Nano Lett. 2025;25(9):3646-3652.
    [DOI]
  • 107. Zhang J, Ma J, Parry M, Cai M, Camacho-Morales R, Xu L, et al. Spatially entangled photon pairs from lithium niobate nonlocal metasurfaces. Sci Adv. 2022;8(30):eabq4240.
    [DOI]
  • 108. Santiago-Cruz T, Gennaro SD, Mitrofanov O, Addamane S, Reno J, Brener I, et al. Resonant metasurfaces for generating complex quantum states. Science. 2022;377(6609):991-995.
    [DOI]
  • 109. Kodigala A, Lepetit T, Gu Q, Bahari B, Fainman Y, Kanté B. Lasing action from photonic bound states in continuum. Nature. 2017;541(7636):196-199.
    [DOI]
  • 110. Fernandez-Bravo A, Wang D, Barnard ES, Teitelboim A, Tajon C, Guan J, et al. Ultralow-threshold, continuous-wave upconverting lasing from subwavelength plasmons. Nat Mater. 2019;18(11):1172-1176.
    [DOI]
  • 111. Mylnikov V, Ha ST, Pan Z, Valuckas V, Paniagua-Domínguez R, Demir HV, et al. Lasing action in single subwavelength particles supporting supercavity modes. ACS Nano. 2020;14(6):7338-7346.
    [DOI]
  • 112. Abir T, Tal M, Ellenbogen T. Second-harmonic enhancement from a nonlinear plasmonic metasurface coupled to an optical waveguide. Nano Lett. 2022;22(7):2712-2717.
    [DOI]
  • 113. Chen S, Li G, Zeuner F, Wong WH, Pun EYB, Zentgraf T, et al. Symmetry-selective third-harmonic generation from plasmonic metacrystals. Phys Rev Lett. 2014;113(3):033901.
    [DOI]
  • 114. Sun Y, Geng G, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li Z, Liu W, et al. Multichannel linear and nonlinear information encryptions with Malus metasurfaces. Laser Photonics Rev. 2024;18(6):2300866.
    [DOI]
  • 115. Gao Y, Fan Y, Wang Y, Yang W, Song Q, Xiao S. Nonlinear holographic all-dielectric metasurfaces. Nano Lett. 2018;18(12):8054-8061.
    [DOI]
  • 116. Keren-Zur S, Avayu O, Michaeli L, Ellenbogen T. Nonlinear beam shaping with plasmonic metasurfaces. ACS Photonics. 2016;3(1):117-123.
    [DOI]
  • 117. Wang L, Kruk S, Koshelev K, Kravchenko I, Luther-Davies B, Kivshar Y. Nonlinear wavefront control with all-dielectric metasurfaces. Nano Lett. 2018;18(6):3978-3984.
    [DOI]
  • 118. Jiang Y, Liu W, Li Z, Choi DY, Zhang Y, Cheng H, et al. Linear and nonlinear optical field manipulations with multifunctional chiral coding metasurfaces. Adv Opt Mater. 2023;11(6):2202186.
    [DOI]
  • 119. Li Z, Liu W, Li Z, Tang C, Cheng H, Li J, et al. Tripling the capacity of optical vortices by nonlinear metasurface. Laser Photonics Rev. 2018;12(11):1800164.
    [DOI]
  • 120. Li Z, Liu W, Geng G, Li Z, Li J, Cheng H, et al. Multiplexed nondiffracting nonlinear metasurfaces. Adv Funct Mater. 2020;30(23):1910744.
    [DOI]
  • 121. Zhou H, Ni X, Lou B, Fan S, Cao Y, Tang H. Control of chirality and directionality of nonlinear metasurface light source via moiré engineering. Phys Rev Lett. 2025;134(4):043801.
    [DOI]
  • 122. Okhlopkov KI, Zilli A, Tognazzi A, Rocco D, Fagiani L, Mafakheri E, et al. Tailoring third-harmonic diffraction efficiency by hybrid modes in high-Q metasurfaces. Nano Lett. 2021;21(24):10438-10445.
    [DOI]
  • 123. Camacho-Morales R, Xu L, Zhang H, Ha ST, Krivitsky L, Kuznetsov AI, et al. Sum-frequency generation in high-Q GaP metasurfaces driven by leaky-wave guided modes. Nano Lett. 2022;22(15):6141-6148.
    [DOI]
  • 124. Malek SC, Norden T, Doiron CF, et al. Giant enhancement of four-wave mixing by doubly zone-folded nonlocal metasurfaces. ACS Nano. 2025;19(40):35609-35617.
    [DOI]
  • 125. Zheng Z, Smirnova D, Sanderson G, Ying C, Koutsogeorgis DC, Huang L, et al. Broadband infrared imaging governed by guided-mode resonance in dielectric metasurfaces. Light Sci Appl. 2024;13:249.
    [DOI]
  • 126. Zalogina A, Carletti L, Rudenko A, Moloney JV, Tripathi A, Lee HC, et al. High-harmonic generation from a subwavelength dielectric resonator. Sci Adv. 2023;9(17):eadg2655.
    [DOI]
  • 127. Valencia Molina L, Camacho Morales R, Zhang J, Schiek R, Staude I, Sukhorukov AA, et al. Enhanced infrared vision by nonlinear up-conversion in nonlocal metasurfaces. Adv Mater. 2024;36(31):2402777.
    [DOI]
  • 128. Rui J, Wei D, Rubio-Abadal A, Hollerith S, Zeiher J, Stamper-Kurn DM, et al. A subradiant optical mirror formed by a single structured atomic layer. Nature. 2020;583(7816):369-374.
    [DOI]
  • 129. Srakaew K, Weckesser P, Hollerith S, Wei D, Adler D, Bloch I, et al. A subwavelength atomic array switched by a single Rydberg atom. Nat Phys. 2023;19(5):714-719.
    [DOI]
  • 130. Chua SL, Lu L, Bravo-Abad J, Joannopoulos JD, Soljačić M. Larger-area single-mode photonic crystal surface-emitting lasers enabled by an accidental Dirac point. Opt Lett. 2014;39(7):2072-2075.
    [DOI]
  • 131. Contractor R, Noh W, Redjem W, Qarony W, Martin E, Dhuey S, et al. Scalable single-mode surface-emitting laser via open-Dirac singularities. Nature. 2022;608(7924):692-698.
    [DOI]
  • 132. Nguyen HS, Dubois F, Deschamps T, Cueff S, Pardon A, Leclercq JL, et al. Symmetry breaking in photonic crystals: On-demand dispersion from flatband to Dirac cones. Phys Rev Lett. 2018;120(6):066102.
    [DOI]
  • 133. Jin J, Yin X, Ni L, Soljačić M, Zhen B, Peng C. Topologically enabled ultrahigh-Q guided resonances robust to out-of-plane scattering. Nature. 2019;574(7779):501-504.
    [DOI]
  • 134. Yu S, Li Z, Chai R, Liu W, Zhou W, Cheng H, et al. Merging bound states in the continuum in the geometrical parameter space. Phys Rev B. 2024;109(11):115109.
    [DOI]
  • 135. Yu S, Sun Y, Choi DY, Li Z, Liu W, Zhou W, et al. Enhancing the quality factors of guided resonances via rational symmetry breaking. Laser Photonics Rev. 2026;20(5):e01799.
    [DOI]
  • 136. Özdemir ŞK, Rotter S, Nori F, Yang L. Parity-time symmetry and exceptional points in photonics. Nat Mater. 2019;18(8):783-798.
    [DOI]
  • 137. Miri MA, Alù A. Exceptional points in optics and photonics. Science. 2019;363(6422):eaar7709.
    [DOI]
  • 138. Hwang MS, Lee HC, Kim KH, Jeong KY, Kwon SH, Koshelev K, et al. Ultralow-threshold laser using super-bound states in the continuum. Nat Commun. 2021;12:4135.
    [DOI]
  • 139. Sang YG, Lu JY, Ouyang YH, Luan HY, Wu JH, Li JY, et al. Topological polarization singular lasing with highly efficient radiation channel. Nat Commun. 2022;13:6485.
    [DOI]
  • 140. Wu M, Ha ST, Shendre S, Durmusoglu EG, Koh WK, Abujetas DR, et al. Room-temperature lasing in colloidal nanoplatelets via Mie-resonant bound states in the continuum. Nano Lett. 2020;20(8):6005-6011.
    [DOI]
  • 141. Harari G, Bandres MA, Lumer Y, Rechtsman MC, Chong YD, Khajavikhan M, et al. Topological insulator laser: Theory. Science. 2018;359(6381):eaar4003.
    [DOI]
  • 142. Bandres MA, Wittek S, Harari G, Parto M, Ren J, Segev M, et al. Topological insulator laser: Experiments. Science. 2018;359(6381):eaar4005.
    [DOI]
  • 143. Shao ZK, Chen HZ, Wang S, Mao XR, Yang ZQ, Wang SL, et al. A high-performance topological bulk laser based on band-inversion-induced reflection. Nat Nanotechnol. 2020;15(1):67-72.
    [DOI]
  • 144. Yang L, Li G, Gao X, Lu L. Topological-cavity surface-emitting laser. Nat Photon. 2022;16(4):279-283.
    [DOI]
  • 145. Xie YY, Ni PN, Wang QH, Kan Q, Briere G, Chen PP, et al. Metasurface-integrated vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers for programmable directional lasing emissions. Nat Nanotechnol. 2020;15(2):125-130.
    [DOI]
  • 146. Chen Y, Feng J, Huang Y, Chen W, Su R, Ghosh S, et al. Compact spin-valley-locked perovskite emission. Nat Mater. 2023;22(9):1065-1070.
    [DOI]
  • 147. Rong K, Duan X, Wang B, Reichenberg D, Cohen A, Liu CL, et al. Spin-valley rashba monolayer laser. Nat Mater. 2023;22(9):1085-1093.
    [DOI]
  • 148. Mermet-Lyaudoz R, Symonds C, Berry F, Drouard E, Chevalier C, Trippé-Allard G, et al. Taming Friedrich–Wintgen interference in a resonant metasurface: Vortex laser emitting at an on-demand tilted angle. Nano Lett. 2023;23(10):4152-4159.
    [DOI]
  • 149. Spägele C, Tamagnone M, Kazakov D, Ossiander M, Piccardo M, Capasso F. Multifunctional wide-angle optics and lasing based on supercell metasurfaces. Nat Commun. 2021;12:3787.
    [DOI]
  • 150. Ha ST, Fu YH, Emani NK, Pan Z, Bakker RM, Paniagua-Domínguez R, et al. Directional lasing in resonant semiconductor nanoantenna arrays. Nat Nanotechnol. 2018;13(11):1042-1047.
    [DOI]
  • 151. Wang X, Wu Z, Wang J, Shi L, Zi J. Vectorial lasing with designable topological charges based on Möbius-like correspondence in quasi-BICs. Light Sci Appl. 2026;15:184.
    [DOI]
  • 152. Zeng Y, Sha X, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Deng H, Lu H, et al. Metalasers with arbitrarily shaped wavefront. Nature. 2025;643(8074):1240-1245.
    [DOI]
  • 153. Zhou Z, Wang S, Wen W, Qin J, Chen W, Tan J, et al. Structured lasing with disordered high-Qperovskite cavities. Sci Adv. 2026;12(20):eaef2717.
    [DOI]
  • 154. Zhang X, Liu Y, Han J, Kivshar Y, Song Q. Chiral emission from resonant metasurfaces. Science. 2022;377(6611):1215-1218.
    [DOI]
  • 155. Chen Y, Deng H, Sha X, Chen W, Wang R, Chen YH, et al. Observation of intrinsic chiral bound states in the continuum. Nature. 2023;613(7944):474-478.
    [DOI]
  • 156. Qin H, Zhang W, Chen S, Zhang H, Pan R, Li J, et al. Quasi-bound flat bands in the continuum. Nat Commun. 2025;16:10835.
    [DOI]
  • 157. Yuan X, Malgrey L, Sigurðsson H, Nguyen HS, Salerno G. Breakdown of bulk-radiation correspondence in radiative photonic lattices. Phys Rev Res. 2025;7(4):043141.
    [DOI]
  • 158. Kim KH, Hwang MS, Kim HR, Choi JH, No YS, Park HG. Direct observation of exceptional points in coupled photonic-crystal lasers with asymmetric optical gains. Nat Commun. 2016;7:13893.
    [DOI]
  • 159. Chai R, Liu W, Li Z, Zhang Y, Wang H, Cheng H, et al. Spatial information lasing enabled by full-k-space bound states in the continuum. Phys Rev Lett. 2024;132(18):183801.
    [DOI]
  • 160. Duan X, Wang B, Rong K, Liu CL, Gorovoy V, Mukherjee S, et al. Valley-addressable monolayer lasing through spin-controlled Berry phase photonic cavities. Science. 2023;381(6665):1429-1432.
    [DOI]
  • 161. Ma J, Fan T, Haggren T, Molina LV, Parry M, Shinde S, et al. Nonlinearity symmetry breaking for generating tunable quantum entanglement in semiconductor metasurfaces. Sci Adv. 2025;11(28):eadu4133.
    [DOI]
  • 162. Huang H, Overvig AC, Xu Y, Malek SC, Tsai CC, Alù A, et al. Leaky-wave metasurfaces for integrated photonics. Nat Nanotechnol. 2023;18(6):580-588.
    [DOI]
  • 163. Xu G, Overvig A, Kasahara Y, Martini E, Maci S, Alù A. Arbitrary aperture synthesis with nonlocal leaky-wave metasurface antennas. Nat Commun. 2023;14:4380.
    [DOI]
  • 164. Shi Y, Wan S, Wang Z, Rao R, Li Z. On-chip nonlocal metasurface for color router: Conquering efficiency-loss from spatial-multiplexing. Light Sci Appl. 2026;15:66.
    [DOI]
  • 165. Sharma M, Tal M, McDonnell C, Ellenbogen T. Electrically and all-optically switchable nonlocal nonlinear metasurfaces. Sci Adv. 2023;9(33):eadh2353.
    [DOI]
  • 166. Sha X, Du K, Zeng Y, Lai F, Yin J, Zhang H, et al. Chirality tuning and reversing with resonant phase-change metasurfaces. Sci Adv. 2024;10(21):eadn9017.
    [DOI]
  • 167. Chen X, Gu M, Tang J, Sang Y, Xiang B, Zhang K, et al. Ultra-compact beam switching nanolasers. Laser Photonics Rev. 2025;19(18):e00413.
    [DOI]
  • 168. Di Francescantonio A, Sabatti A, Weigand H, Bailly-Rioufreyt E, Vincenti MA, Carletti L, et al. Efficient GHz electro-optical modulation with a nonlocal lithium niobate metasurface in the linear and nonlinear regime. Nat Commun. 2025;16:7000.
    [DOI]
  • 169. Deng H, Jiang X, Zhang Y, Zeng Y, Barkaoui H, Xiao S, et al. Chiral lasing enabled by strong coupling. Sci Adv. 2025;11(15):eads9562.
    [DOI]
  • 170. Liu Y, Qu G, Jiang X, Han J, Ji Z, Liu Z, et al. Slanted TiO2 metagratings for large-angle, high-efficiency anomalous refraction in the visible. Laser Photonics Rev. 2023;17(6):2200712.
    [DOI]
  • 171. Li Z, Yu S, Geng G, Cheng J, Liu W, Zhang Y, et al. Chiral guided mode resonance with independently controllable quality factor and circular dichroism. Nano Lett. 2025;25(6):2519-2527.
    [DOI]
  • 172. Kim D, Pelzman C, Guo C, Long O, Fan S, Cho SY. Generating topological nondiffracting beams using high-quality-factor nonlocal metasurfaces. ACS Photonics. 2026;13(5):1310-1318.
    [DOI]
  • 173. Wang K, Sun K, Du J, Dai P, Zhou H, Huang L, et al. Cavity-assisted nonlocal metasurfaces for momentum-space broadband-operational optical vortice generation with maximum efficiency approaching 80%. Opto Electron Adv. 2026;9:250296.
    [DOI]
  • 174. Cui J, Han S, Zhu B, Wang C, Chua Y, Wang Q, et al. Ultracompact multibound-state-assisted flat-band lasers. Nat Photon. 2025;19(6):643-649.
    [DOI]
  • 175. Hoang TX, Leykam D, Kivshar Y. Photonic flatband resonances in multiple light scattering. Phys Rev Lett. 2024;132(4):043803.
    [DOI]
  • 176. Luan HY, Ouyang YH, Zhao ZW, Mao WZ, Ma RM. Reconfigurable moiré nanolaser arrays with phase synchronization. Nature. 2023;624(7991):282-288.
    [DOI]
  • 177. Qin H, Chen S, Zhang W, Zhang H, Pan R, Li J, et al. Optical moiré bound states in the continuum. Nat Commun. 2024;15:9080.
    [DOI]
  • 178. Tang H, Wang Y, Ni X, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Jarillo-Herrero P, et al. On-chip multi-degree-of-freedom control of two-dimensional materials. Nature. 2024;632(8027):1038-1044.
    [DOI]
  • 179. Nan L, Mancini A, Weber T, Seah GL, Cortés E, Tittl A, et al. Angular dispersion suppression in deeply subwavelength phonon polariton bound states in the continuum metasurfaces. Nat Photon. 2025;19(6):615-623.
    [DOI]
  • 180. Huang L, Jin R, Zhou C, Li G, Xu L, Overvig A, et al. Ultrahigh-Q guided mode resonances in an All-dielectric metasurface. Nat Commun. 2023;14:3433.
    [DOI]
  • 181. Fang J, Chen R, Sharp D, Renzi EM, Manna A, Kala A, et al. Million-Q free space meta-optical resonator at near-visible wavelengths. Nat Commun. 2024;15:10341.
    [DOI]
  • 182. Zhang JC, Tsai DP, Pang SW. Non-local bound states in the continuum for nanoscale alignment. Nat Photon. 2026;20(3):296-300.
    [DOI]
  • 183. Cai H, Srinivasan S, Czaplewski DA, Martinson ABF, Gosztola DJ, Stan L, et al. Inverse design of metasurfaces with non-local interactions. npj Comput Mater. 2020;6:116.
    [DOI]
  • 184. Li Z, Pestourie R, Lin Z, Johnson SG, Capasso F. Empowering metasurfaces with inverse design: Principles and applications. ACS Photonics. 2022;9(7):2178-2192.
    [DOI]
  • 185. Li Z, Liu W, Ma D, Yu S, Cheng H, Choi DY, et al. Inverse design of few-layer metasurfaces empowered by the matrix theory of multilayer optics. Phys Rev Appl. 2022;17(2):024008.
    [DOI]
  • 186. Xu B, Shao J, Zhao X, Xu H, Tian Y, Chen N, et al. Deep-learning-enabled inverse design of large-scale metasurfaces with full-wave accuracy. Laser Photonics Rev. 2026;20(5):e03115.
    [DOI]
  • 187. Xu M, He Q, Pu M, Zhang F, Li L, Sang D, et al. Emerging long-range order from a freeform disordered metasurface. Adv Mater. 2022;34(12):2108709.
    [DOI]
  • 188. Zhou Y, Guo S, Overvig AC, Alù A. Multiresonant nonlocal metasurfaces. Nano Lett. 2023;23(14):6768-6775.
    [DOI]
  • 189. Zhou M, Liu D, Belling SW, Cheng H, Kats MA, Fan S, et al. Inverse design of metasurfaces based on coupled-mode theory and adjoint optimization. ACS Photonics. 2021;8(8):2265-2273.
    [DOI]
  • 190. Jiang Z, Dai T, Guo S, Sohag SH, Shao Y, Mao C, et al. Freeform mode-engineered metasurfaces. Nano Lett. 2026;26(11):3752-3759.
    [DOI]
  • 191. Zhou Y, Guo Z, Tarazaga Martín-Luengo A, Lanza C, Álvarez-Pérez G, Yu C, et al. Fundamental optical phenomena of strongly anisotropic polaritons at the nanoscale. Nat Nanotechnol. 2026;21(1):23-38.
    [DOI]
  • 192. Maggiolini E, Polimeno L, Todisco F, Di Renzo A, Han B, De Giorgi M, et al. Strongly enhanced light–matter coupling of monolayer WS2 from a bound state in the continuum. Nat Mater. 2023;22(8):964-969.
    [DOI]
  • 193. Zhang RY, Cui X, Zeng YS, Chen J, Liu W, Wang M, et al. Bulk–spatiotemporal vortex correspondence in gyromagnetic zero-index media. Nature. 2025;641(8065):1142-1148.
    [DOI]
  • 194. Trypogeorgos D, Gianfrate A, Landini M, Nigro D, Gerace D, Carusotto I, et al. Emerging supersolidity in photonic-crystal polariton condensates. Nature. 2025;639(8054):337-341.
    [DOI]
  • 195. Wang X, Garg P, Mirmoosa MS, Lamprianidis AG, Rockstuhl C, Asadchy VS. Expanding momentum bandgaps in photonic time crystals through resonances. Nat Photon. 2025;19(2):149-155.
    [DOI]
  • 196. Lyubarov M, Lumer Y, Dikopoltsev A, Lustig E, Sharabi Y, Segev M. Amplified emission and lasing in photonic time crystals. Science. 2022;377(6604):425-428.
    [DOI]

© The Author(s) 2026. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Publisher’s Note

Science Exploration remains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The views expressed in this article are solely those of the author(s) and do not reflect the opinions of the Editors or the publisher.

Share And Cite

×

Science Exploration Style
Yu S, Ma J, Li Z, Liu W, Liu H, Cheng H, et al. Optical-field information manipulation based on nonlocal metasurfaces: From passive to active systems. Light Manip Appl. 2026;1:202612. https://doi.org/10.70401/lma.2026.0015

Submit a Manuscript
Author Instructions
Cite this Article
Export Citation
Article Metrics
0
View
0
Download
Cited
Article Updates
Related Articles
Citation Icon Get citation

Light Manipulation and Applications

lmajournal@sciexplor.com

Navigation

About the Journal
Editorial Process
Author Instructions
Editorial Board
Editorial Policies
Contact Us

Follow us