Lifestyle-associated reprogramming of neutrophil immunity: From hematopoiesis to functional remodeling

Xiaotian Chen

Jing Wang

*Correspondence to: Jing Wang, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China. E-mail: jingwang@shsmu.edu.cn

Myeloid Cells. 2026;1:202609. 10.70401/mc.2026.0009

Received: April 30, 2026Accepted: July 27, 2026Published: July 27, 2026

This manuscript is made available in its unedited form to allow early access to the reported findings. Further editing will be completed before final publication. As such, the content may include errors, and standard legal disclaimers are applicable.

Abstract

Myeloid cells are central components of innate immunity and are highly responsive to environmental and lifestyle-associated cues. Among them, neutrophils are the most abundant circulating leukocytes in humans and have rapid turnover, traditionally leading to the view that they act mainly as short-lived effector cells. However, emerging evidence indicates that neutrophils can participate in trained immunity like responses through upstream reprogramming of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and the bone marrow niche. In this review, we discuss how lifestyle-associated factors shape neutrophil-associated immunity within the broader context of myeloid immune regulation, with a particular focus on long-term neutrophil functional reprogramming. We summarize current evidence that lifestyle and metabolic factors shape neutrophil production, mobilization, tissue recruitment, and effector programs. We further highlight that lifestyle induced neutrophil reprogramming is context dependent and may be either adaptive or maladaptive. Finally, we propose future directions for translating lifestyle-based immune modulation into strategies that limit chronic inflammation while preserving antimicrobial defense.

Keywords

Myeloid immunity, neutrophils, trained immunity, lifestyle factors, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, neutrophil reprogramming

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Chen X, Wang J. Lifestyle-associated reprogramming of neutrophil immunity: From hematopoiesis to functional remodeling. Myeloid Cells. 2026;1:202609. https://doi.org/10.70401/mc.2026.0009

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Myeloid Cells

Lifestyle-associated reprogramming of neutrophil immunity: From hematopoiesis to functional remodeling

Xiaotian Chen

Jing Wang

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Lifestyle-associated reprogramming of neutrophil immunity: From hematopoiesis to functional remodeling

Xiaotian Chen

Jing Wang

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