Autonomic control of myeloid cell biology across tissues

Marie Hartmann

1,2

Yamina Hamel

Mireille Laforge

1,2

Christophe Delclaux

1,2,4

Peter van Endert

5,6

François-Xavier Mauvais

1,2,4,*

Affiliation +

*Correspondence to: François-Xavier Mauvais, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, NeuroDiderot, Paris, 75019, France; Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Robert-Debré du Cerveau de l'Enfant, Paris, 75019, France; Service de Physiologie-Explorations Fonctionnelles Pédiatriques, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Robert-Debré, Paris, 75019, France. E-mail: francois-xavier.mauvais@inserm.fr

Myeloid Cells. 2026;1:202608. 10.70401/mc.2026.0010

Received: April 30, 2026Accepted: August 07, 2026Published: August 07, 2026

This manuscript is made available in its unedited form to allow early access to the reported findings. Further editing will be completed before final publication. As such, the content may include errors, and standard legal disclaimers are applicable.

Abstract

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates myeloid cell biology across lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric circuits shape the myeloid cell development, positioning or activation, and antigen presentation through norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine and neuropeptides. In primary lymphoid organs, autonomic signals regulate myeloid progenitors and thymic macrophages, shaping the output and functional competence of innate immune compartments. In secondary lymphoid organs, most extensively characterized in the spleen, neural efferent pathways control macrophages, dendritic cells, monocytes and neutrophils, influencing phagocytosis, cytokine production and lymphocyte priming. Distinct neuro-myeloid interactions occur in the gut, where the enteric nervous system is a mandatory relay for parasympathetic signals to intestinal myeloid cells, and in the tumor microenvironment, where sympathetic and dopaminergic signals regulate tumor-associated myeloid subsets in tumor type-specific ways. The functional output of ANS-myeloid communication is guided by tissue context, myeloid cell identity, receptor type, and signal dynamics. The systemic characterization of these neuroimmune variables will be critical to design therapeutic strategies targeting the ANS-myeloid axis in infection, inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer.

Keywords

Autonomic nervous system, macrophages, dendritic cells, antigen presentation, cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, adrenergic signaling, neuroimmunology

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Hartmann M, Hamel Y, Laforge M, Delclaux C, Endert PV, Mauvais FX. Autonomic control of myeloid cell biology across tissues. Myeloid Cells. 2026;1:202608. https://doi.org/10.70401/mc.2026.0010

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Myeloid Cells

Autonomic control of myeloid cell biology across tissues

Marie Hartmann

Yamina Hamel

Mireille Laforge

Christophe Delclaux

Peter van Endert

François-Xavier Mauvais

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Myeloid Cells

Autonomic control of myeloid cell biology across tissues

Marie Hartmann

Yamina Hamel

Mireille Laforge

Christophe Delclaux

Peter van Endert

François-Xavier Mauvais

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