Jiajun Zhu, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. E-mail: zhujiajun@tsinghua.edu.cn
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, and is therefore intrinsically coupled to cellular redox metabolism. Progression of ferroptosis is regulated by an integrated network of metabolic signaling pathways that involve inter-organellar communication. In this Review, we synthesize recent progress in the field that have advanced our understanding of the metabolic determinants of ferroptosis. We discuss key metabolites which participate in the execution and prevention of ferroptosis, describe major signaling axes that impinge on regulating these metabolic activities to determine cellular ferroptosis sensitivity, and highlight how compartmentalized metabolism within and across distinct intracellular organelles collectively shape ferroptosis progression. Together, this Review aims to provide a framework that unifies metabolic state, signaling plasticity and organellar cooperation as a mechanistic basis of ferroptosis, underscoring its implications in the pathogenesis of various diseases including cancer.
Keywords
References
-
1. Dixon SJ, Lemberg KM, Lamprecht MR, Skouta R, Zaitsev EM, Gleason CE, et al. Ferroptosis: An iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death. Cell. 2012;149(5):1060-1072.[DOI]
-
5. Wang W, Green M, Choi JE, Gijón M, Kennedy PD, Johnson JK, et al. CD8+ T cells regulate tumour ferroptosis during cancer immunotherapy. Nature. 2019;569(7755):270-274.[DOI]
-
6. Liang D, Minikes AM, Jiang X. Ferroptosis at the intersection of lipid metabolism and cellular signaling. Mol Cell. 2022;82(12):2215-2227.[DOI]
-
8. Conrad M, Pratt DA. The chemical basis of ferroptosis. Nat Chem Biol. 2019;15(12):1137-1147.[DOI]
-
15. Ma X, Xiao L, Liu L, Ye L, Su P, Bi E, et al. CD36-mediated ferroptosis dampens intratumoral CD8+ T cell effector function and impairs their antitumor ability. Cell Metab. 2021;33(5):1001-1012.[DOI]
-
17. Lee JY, Nam M, Son HY, Hyun K, Jang SY, Kim JW, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway determines ferroptosis sensitivity in gastric cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(51):32433-32442.[DOI]
-
19. Jiang X, Stockwell BR, Conrad M. Ferroptosis: Mechanisms, biology and role in disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(4):266-282.[DOI]
-
22. Beharier O, Tyurin VA, Goff JP, Guerrero-Santoro J, Kajiwara K, Chu T, et al. PLA2G6 guards placental trophoblasts against ferroptotic injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(44):27319-27328.[DOI]
-
24. Olzmann JA, Carvalho P. Dynamics and functions of lipid droplets. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2019;20(3):137-155.[DOI]
-
25. Dixon SJ, Olzmann JA. The cell biology of ferroptosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2024;25(6):424-442.[DOI]
-
26. Bai Y, Meng L, Han L, Jia Y, Zhao Y, Gao H, et al. Lipid storage and lipophagy regulates ferroptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019;508(4):997-1003.[DOI]
-
28. Nassar ZD, Mah CY, Dehairs J, Burvenich IJ, Irani S, Centenera MM, et al. Human DECR1 is an androgen-repressed survival factor that regulates PUFA oxidation to protect prostate tumor cells from ferroptosis. eLife. 2020;9:e54166.[DOI]
-
38. Freitas FP, Alborzinia H, dos Santos AF, Nepachalovich P, Pedrera L, Zilka O, et al. 7-Dehydrocholesterol is an endogenous suppressor of ferroptosis. Nature. 2024;626(7998):401-410.[DOI]
-
43. Soula M, Weber RA, Zilka O, Alwaseem H, La K, Yen F, et al. Metabolic determinants of cancer cell sensitivity to canonical ferroptosis inducers. Nat Chem Biol. 2020;16(12):1351-1360.[DOI]
-
45. Doll S, Freitas FP, Shah R, Aldrovandi M, da Silva MC, Ingold I, et al. FSP1 is a glutathione-independent ferroptosis suppressor. Nature. 2019;575(7784):693-698.[DOI]
-
46. Mao C, Liu X, Zhang Y, Lei G, Yan Y, Lee H, et al. DHODH-mediated ferroptosis defence is a targetable vulnerability in cancer. Nature. 2021;593(7860):586-590.[DOI]
-
49. Matsushita M, Freigang S, Schneider C, Conrad M, Bornkamm GW, Kopf M. T cell lipid peroxidation induces ferroptosis and prevents immunity to infection. J Exp Med. 2015;212(4):555-568.[DOI]
-
52. Tschuck J, Padmanabhan Nair V, Galhoz A, Zaratiegui C, Tai HM, Ciceri G, et al. Suppression of ferroptosis by vitamin A or radical-trapping antioxidants is essential for neuronal development. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):7611.[DOI]
-
53. Gaschler MM, Stockwell BR. Lipid peroxidation in cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017;482(3):419-425.[DOI]
-
58. Cañeque T, Baron L, Müller S, Carmona A, Colombeau L, Versini A, et al. Activation of lysosomal iron triggers ferroptosis in cancer. Nature. 2025;642(8067):492-500.[DOI]
-
62. Hou W, Xie Y, Song X, Sun X, Lotze MT, Zeh III HJ, et al. Autophagy promotes ferroptosis by degradation of ferritin. Autophagy. 2016;12(8):1425-1428.[DOI]
-
63. Gao M, Monian P, Pan Q, Zhang W, Xiang J, Jiang X. Ferroptosis is an autophagic cell death process. Cell Res. 2016;26(9):1021-1032.[DOI]
-
67. Yang WS, SriRamaratnam R, Welsch ME, Shimada K, Skouta R, Viswanathan VS, et al. Regulation of ferroptotic cancer cell death by GPX4. Cell. 2014;156(1-2):317-331.[DOI]
-
70. Amelio I, Cutruzzolá F, Antonov A, Agostini M, Melino G. Serine and glycine metabolism in cancer. Trends Biochem Sci. 2014;39(4):191-198.[DOI]
-
72. Yang M, Vousden KH. Serine and one-carbon metabolism in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2016;16(10):650-662.[DOI]
-
75. Suzuki S, Venkatesh D, Kanda H, Nakayama A, Hosokawa H, Lee E, et al. GLS2 is a tumor suppressor and a regulator of ferroptosis inn hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2022;82(18):3209-3222.[DOI]
-
80. Esaki N, Nakamura T, Tanaka H, Soda K. Selenocysteine lyase, a novel enzyme that specifically acts on selenocysteine. Mammalian distribution and purification and properties of pig liver enzyme. J Biol Chem. 1982;257(8):4386-4391.[PubMed]
-
81. Tobe R, Mihara H. Delivery of selenium to selenophosphate synthetase for selenoprotein biosynthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2018;1862(11):2433-2440.[DOI]
-
86. Labunskyy VM, Hatfield DL, Gladyshev VN. Selenoproteins: Molecular pathways and physiological roles. Physiol Rev. 2014;94(3):739-777.[DOI]
-
87. Burk RF, Hill KE. Regulation of selenium metabolism and transport. Annu Rev Nutr. 2015;35:109-134.[DOI]
-
91. Glaviano A, Foo ASC, Lam HY, Yap KCH, Jacot W, Jones RH, et al. PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling transduction pathway and targeted therapies in cancer. Mol Cancer. 2023;22(1):138.[DOI]
-
99. Liu Y, Su Z, Tavana O, Gu W. Understanding the complexity of p53 in a new era of tumor suppression. Cancer Cell. 2024;42(6):946-967.[DOI]
-
101. Zhou Q, Meng Y, Li D, Yao L, Le J, Liu Y, et al. Ferroptosis in cancer: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. Sig Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9:55.[DOI]
-
102. Jiang L, Kon N, Li T, Wang SJ, Su T, Hibshoosh H, et al. Ferroptosis as a p53-mediated activity during tumour suppression. Nature. 2015;520(7545):57-62.[DOI]
-
110. Rojo de la Vega M, Chapman E, Zhang DD. NRF2 and the hallmarks of cancer. Cancer Cell. 2018;34(1):21-43.[DOI]
-
111. Dodson M, Castro-Portuguez R, Zhang DD. NRF2 plays a critical role in mitigating lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. Redox Biol. 2019;23:101107.[DOI]
-
116. Luo X, Wang Y, Zhu X, Chen Y, Xu B, Bai X, et al. MCL attenuates atherosclerosis by suppressing macrophage ferroptosis via targeting KEAP1/NRF2 interaction. Redox Biol. 2024;69:102987.[DOI]
-
122. Liu J, Song X, Kuang F, Zhang Q, Xie Y, Kang R, et al. NUPR1 is a critical repressor of ferroptosis. Nat Commun. 2021;12:647.[DOI]
-
123. Liu J, Song X, Kuang F, Zhang Q, Xie Y, Kang R, et al. Author Correction: NUPR1 is a critical repressor of ferroptosis. Nat Commun. 2025;16:6175.[DOI]
-
124. Huang C, Santofimia-Castaño P, Iovanna J. NUPR1: A critical regulator of the antioxidant system. Cancers. 2021;13(15):3670.[DOI]
-
128. Ma S, Meng Z, Chen R, Guan KL. The hippo pathway: Biology and pathophysiology. Annu Rev Biochem. 2019;88:577-604.[DOI]
-
141. Anthonymuthu TS, Tyurina YY, Sun WY, Mikulska-Ruminska K, Shrivastava IH, Tyurin VA, et al. Resolving the paradox of ferroptotic cell death: Ferrostatin-1 binds to 15LOX/PEBP1 complex, suppresses generation of peroxidized ETE-PE, and protects against ferroptosis. Redox Biol. 2021;38:101744.
-
143. Nakamura T, Hipp C, Santos Dias Mourão A, Borggräfe J, Aldrovandi M, Henkelmann B, et al. Phase separation of FSP1 promotes ferroptosis. Nature. 2023;619(7969):371-377.[DOI]
-
144. Wu K, Vaughan AJ, Bossowski JP, Hao Y, Ziogou A, Kim SM, et al. Targeting FSP1 triggers ferroptosis in lung cancer. Nature. 2026;649:487-495.[DOI]
-
158. Gao M, Yi J, Zhu J, Minikes AM, Monian P, Thompson CB, et al. Role of mitochondria in ferroptosis. Mol Cell. 2019;73(2):354-363.[DOI]
-
170. Forcina GC, Pope L, Murray M, Dong W, Abu-Remaileh M, Bertozzi CR, et al. Ferroptosis regulation by the NGLY1/NFE2L1 pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022;119(11):e2118646119.[DOI]
-
175. Gryzik M, Asperti M, Denardo A, Arosio P, Poli M. NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy promotes ferroptosis induced by erastin, but not by RSL3 in HeLa cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2021;1868(2):118913.[DOI]
-
179. Zhou N, Chen J, Hu M, Wen N, Cai W, Li P, et al. SLC7A11 is an unconventional H+ transporter in lysosomes. Cell. 2025;188(13):3441-3458.[DOI]
-
185. Reed A, Ware T, Li H, Bazan JF, Cravatt BF. TMEM164 is an acyltransferase that forms ferroptotic C20: 4 ether phospholipids. Nat Chem Biol. 2023;19(3):378-388.[DOI]
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2026. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Publisher’s Note
Share And Cite


