Photovoltaic materials and devices for enhanced building performance: Progress, evaluation, and future directions
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Photovoltaic materials and devices for enhanced building performance: Progress, evaluation, and future directions

Shaohang Shi
1,2,3,#
,
Zihan Yuan
4,#
,
Jian Zhang
1
,
Junjie Li
4,5,*
,
Borong Lin
2,3,*
*Correspondence to: Junjie Li, School of Architecture and Design, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China. E-mail: lijunjie@bjtu.edu.cn
Borong Lin, Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. E-mail: linbr@tsinghua.edu.cn
Smart Mater Devices. 2027;3:202658. 10.70401/smd.2026.0055
Received: August 17, 2026Accepted: October 12, 2026Published: October 12, 2026
This article belongs to the Special lssue  Smart Windows with Stimuli-Responsive Properties
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This manuscript is made available in its unedited form to allow early access to the reported findings. Further editing will be completed before final publication. As such, the content may include errors, and standard legal disclaimers are applicable.

Abstract

With global energy demand continuing to rise and pressure to reduce carbon emissions increasing, photovoltaic (PV) technology is being integrated more widely into buildings. This approach supports low-carbon building operations and enables the local generation and use of renewable energy. This paper reviews recent progress in PV materials and devices for improving building performance. Developments in crystalline silicon, conventional thin-film PV, transparent and semi-transparent PV, colored PV, perovskite solar cells, and tandem solar cells are summarized. Particular attention is given to power conversion efficiency (PCE), stability, functionalization, and architectural compatibility. Research on building-integrated PV performance is also reviewed at different scales, including laboratory studies, outdoor tests, real buildings, urban districts, and cities. The effects of module temperature, installation methods, climate, building form, and three-dimensional shading on power generation are examined. The influence of PV systems on building energy use, thermal performance, daylighting, and the visual environment is also discussed. Existing studies show that the performance of building-integrated PV is affected by materials, device design, envelope characteristics, building loads, and urban morphology. Future research should give more attention to the joint optimization of multiple performance indicators. Colored and multifunctional PV facades also require further development. Greater integration of passive thermal management technologies, such as radiative cooling, should be explored alongside PV systems' adaptability to extreme and resource-constrained environments.

Keywords

Photovoltaic devices, energy materials, solar energy, building performance, building envelope

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Shi S, Yuan Z, Zhang J, Li J, Lin B. Photovoltaic materials and devices for enhanced building performance: Progress, evaluation, and future directions. Smart Mater Devices. 2027;3:202658. https://doi.org/10.70401/smd.2026.0055

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