Lithium (Li) metal, owing to its high theoretical specific capacity and low electrochemical potential, is considered one of the most promising anode materials for next-generation rechargeable batteries. However, interfacial instability severely hinders the practical application of Li anodes. Constructing a robust solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) with optimized chemical composition and structure has been recognized as an effective strategy to overcome this challenge. Here, we propose silver trifluoroacetate (AgTFA) as a multifunctional electrolyte additive that synergistically regulates Li nucleation and promotes the formation of an anion-rich solvation structure. Through a spontaneous in situ displacement reaction, uniformly distributed silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are generated on the Li surface, providing abundant lithiophilic nucleation sites to enable homogeneous Li deposition. Meanwhile, trifluoroacetate anions (TFA^-) with an ultrahigh donor number, together with NO₃^- anions participating in Li⁺ solvation, markedly reduce the desolvation barrier and facilitate the formation of a LiF-Li₃N-rich SEI. As a result, Li||Li symmetric cells exhibit remarkable cycling stability of up to 2,500 hours at 0.5 mA·cm^-2/0.5 mAh·cm^-2, while Li||LiFePO₄ full cells deliver a high discharge capacity of 139.8 mAh·g^-1 with an excellent capacity retention of 97.28% after 200 cycles at 1.0 C. This work demonstrates a feasible strategy for constructing durable SEI layers by coupling Li nucleation regulation with anion-rich solvation chemistry.

Green hydrogen produced through photocatalytic water splitting is pivotal for achieving carbon neutrality and facilitating the transition to carbon-free energy conversion systems. Although photocatalytic systems have demonstrated high activity and operational safety at the laboratory scale, their large-scale application for practical hydrogen production remains limited by the long-term stability and performance of photocatalysts, as well as the complexity and safety concerns associated with scaling up photocatalytic reaction platforms. Meeting these requirements would establish a targeted framework for advancing photolysis technology and accelerating the transition from fundamental research to industrial-scale implementation of photocatalytic hydrogen generation. This perspective highlights the fundamental principles for improving photocatalysis and explores diverse device configurations for large-scale hydrogen production, while outlining the critical prerequisites for both photocatalytic materials and reactor architectures, thereby paving the way for future commercialization.

Photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ to produce valuable fuels or chemicals is a promising CO₂ utilization technology, which is of great significance for carbon emission reduction. The unique features of the UiO series of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), such as the excellent water and chemical stability, notable structural tunability, broad and adjustable light-harvesting capacity, strong electron-hole separation ability, and high porosity and specific surface area, make them a class of photocatalysts with great potential for the CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR). Significant progress has been made in the development of efficient UiO-based photocatalysts for CO₂RR. This paper provides a summary of recent research advances in UiO-MOFs for photocatalytic CO₂RR. The characteristics, synthesis methods, and modifications of UiO-based materials, along with their photocatalytic performance, are described. Various modification strategies for UiO-MOFs, including band-gap engineering, defect engineering, introduction of metal species, and construction of composite materials, are summarized and discussed. The challenges facing UiO-MOFs in photocatalytic CO₂RR and potential future development directions are also presented. This review is intended to provide insights into CO₂ photoreduction using UiO-based materials and to encourage further research and development in this promising field.

Supercapacitors, renowned for their high-power density, rapid charge/discharge capabilities, and exceptional cycling stability, have emerged as promising solutions for sustainable and efficient energy storage. Among various electrode materials, carbon materials stands out due to its abundance, excellent electrical conductivity, chemical stability and structural versatility. This review explores the design strategies, performance optimization, and the expanding applications of carbon-based electrodes for supercapacitors. We first analyze the key factors that impact the performance of carbon electrodes for supercapacitors, including pore structure, surface chemistry, electrical conductivity and nanoscale architecture. Subsequently, we provide an in-depth analysis of recent advancements in the rational design of carbon materials, focusing on strategies for optimizing pore architecture, functionalizing surfaces, enhancing conductivity and designing nanostructures. By addressing performance limitations, the review highlights strategies that have significantly improved the efficiency of carbon electrodes. Furthermore, we explore the practical applications of carbon-based supercapacitors in wearable electronics, self-powered devices, and implantable systems. Lastly, we discuss the challenges and opportunities associated by carbon-based electrodes from the perspective of electrode design and practical application.